Abstract
Face-to-face speaking assessment is widespread as a form of assessment, since it allows the elicitation of interactional skills. However, face-to-face speaking test administration is also logistically complex, resource-intensive and can be difficult to conduct in geographically remote or politically sensitive areas. Recent advances in video-conferencing technology now make it possible to engage in online face-to-face interaction more successfully than was previously the case, thus reducing dependency upon physical proximity. A major study was, therefore, commissioned to investigate how new technologies could be harnessed to deliver the face-to-face version of the IELTS Speaking test.
Phase 1 of the study, carried out in London in January 2014, presented results and recommendations of a small-scale initial investigation designed to explore what similarities and differences, in scores, linguistic output and test-taker and examiner behaviour, could be discerned between face-to-face and internet-based videoconferencing delivery of the Speaking test (Nakatsuhara, Inoue, Berry and Galaczi, 2016). The results of the analyses suggested that the speaking construct remains essentially the same across both delivery modes.
This report presents results from Phase 2 of the study, which was a larger-scale followup investigation designed to:
Phase 2 of the study was carried out in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China in May 2015. Ninety-nine (99) test-takers each took two speaking tests under face-to-face and internet-based video-conferencing conditions. Performances were rated by 10 trained IELTS examiners. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used to allow for collection of an in-depth, comprehensive set of findings derived from multiple sources. The research included an analysis of rating scores under the two delivery conditions, test-takers’ linguistic output during the tests, as well as short interviews with test-takers following a questionnaire format. Examiners responded to two feedback questionnaires and participated in focus group discussions relating to their behaviour as interlocutors and raters, and to the effectiveness of the examiner training. Trained observers also took field notes from the test sessions and conducted interviews with the test-takers.
Many-Facet Rasch Model (MFRM) analysis of test scores indicated that, although the video-conferencing mode was slightly more difficult than the face-to-face mode, when the results of all analytic scoring categories were combined, the actual score difference was negligibly small, thus supporting the Phase 1 findings. Examination of language functions elicited from test-takers revealed that significantly more test-takers asked questions to clarify what the examiner said in the video-conferencing mode (63.3%) than in the face-to-face mode (26.7%) in Part 1 of the test. Sound quality was generally positively perceived in this study, being reported as 'Clear' or 'Very clear', although the examiners and observers tended to perceive it more positively than the test-takers. There did not seem to be any relationship between sound quality perceptions and the proficiency level of test-takers. While 71.7% of test-takers preferred the face-to-face mode, slightly more test-takers reported that they were more nervous in the face-to-face mode (38.4%) than in the video-conferencing mode (34.3%).
All examiners found the training useful and effective, the majority of them (80%) reporting that the two modes gave test-takers equal opportunity to demonstrate their level of English proficiency. They also reported that it was equally easy for them to rate test-taker performance in face-to-face and video-conferencing modes. The report concludes with a list of recommendations for further research, including suggestions for further examiner and test-taker training, resolution of technical issues regarding video-conferencing delivery and issues related to rating, before any decisions about deploying a video-conferencing mode of delivery for the IELTS Speaking test are made.
